A man came to the Prophet (ﷺ) and asked him about an item found (in the street). He replied, "Note what it is contained in, and what it is tied with, and make the matter known for a year. Then, if its owner comes (give it to him). Otherwise, you can do what you like with it." He asked, "What about astray sheep?" He replied, "It is for your, your brother, or the wolf." He asked, "What about astray camels?" He replied, "What have you to do with them? They have their stomachs and their feet. They can go down to water and eat trees till their master finds them." [Agreed upon].
Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "He who finds something should call two trusty people as witnesses, keep in mind what it is contained in, and what it is tied with, and not conceal it or cover it up. Then, if its owner comes, he has the most right to it. Otherwise, it is Allah's property which He gives to whomever He wills." [Reported by Ahmad and al-Arba'a excluding Tirmidhi. Ibn Khuzaimah, Ibn al-Jarud and Ibn Hibban graded it Sahih (authentic)].
The Prophet (ﷺ) prohibited taking what a pilgrim has dropped (lost). [Reported by Muslim].
وَعَنْ عَبْدِ اَلرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ عُثْمَانَ التَّيْمِيِّ - رضى الله عنه - { أَنَّ اَلنَّبِيَّ - صلى الله عليه وسلم -نَهَى عَنْ لُقَطَةِ اَلْحَاجِّ } رَوَاهُ مُسْلِم ٌ [1] .
Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "A beast of prey with a fang, a domestic donkey, and a lost item from the property of a Mu'ahid (a disbeliever who has been given a covenant) - unless it is something worthless - are not lawful." [Reported by Abu Dawud].
وَعَنْ اَلْمِقْدَامِ بْنِ مَعْدِي كَرِبَ - رضى الله عنه - قَالَ : قَالَ رَسُولُ اَللَّهِ - صلى الله عليه وسلم -{ أَلَا لَا يَحِلُّ ذُو نَابٍ مِنَ السِّبَاعِ , وَلَا اَلْحِمَارُ اَلْأَهْلِيُّ , وَلَا اَللُّقَطَةُ مِنْ 57 مَالِ مُعَاهَدٍ , إِلَّا أَنْ يَسْتَغْنِيَ عَنْهَا } رَوَاهُ أَبُو دَاوُدَ [1] .
Allah's Messenger (ﷺ), "Give the prescribed shares to those who are entitled to them, and what remains goes to the nearest male relative (of the deceased)." [Agreed upon].
عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ - رَضِيَ اَللَّهُ عَنْهُمَا- قَالَ : قَالَ رَسُولُ اَللَّهِ - صلى الله عليه وسلم -{ أَلْحِقُوا اَلْفَرَائِضَ بِأَهْلِهَا , فَمَا بَقِيَ فَهُوَ لِأَوْلَى رَجُلٍ ذَكَرٍ } مُتَّفَقٌ عَلَيْهِ [1] .
Narrated Ibn Mas'ud (RA) concerning the situation where there was a daughter, a son's daughter and a sister:
The Prophet (ﷺ) ruled, "The daughter gets half and the son's daughter gets a sixth, completing two-thirds, and what remains goes to the sister." [Reported by al-Bukhari].
وَعَنْ اِبْنِ مَسْعُودٍ - رضى الله عنه - فِي بِنْتٍ , وَبِنْتِ اِبْنٍ , وَأُخْتٍ - { قَضَى اَلنَّبِيُّ - صلى الله عليه وسلم -" لِلِابْنَةِ اَلنِّصْفَ , وَلِابْنَةِ اَلِابْنِ اَلسُّدُسَ - تَكْمِلَةَ اَلثُّلُثَيْنِ- وَمَا بَقِيَ فَلِلْأُخْتِ } رَوَاهُ اَلْبُخَارِيُّ [1]
A man came to the Prophet (ﷺ) and said, "My son's son (grandson) has died, so what do I receive from his estate (inheritance)?" He replied, "You receive a sixth;" then when he turned away he called him and said, "You receive another sixth;" and when he turned away he called him and said, "The other sixth is an allowance (beyond what is due)." [Reported by Ahmad and al-Arba'a. at-Tirmidhi graded it Sahih (authentic)].
Narrated Ibn Buraidah (RA) on the authority of his father:
The Prophet (ﷺ) appointed a sixth to a grandmother if no mother is left to inherit before her. [Reported by Abu Dawud and an-Nasa'i. Ibn Khuzaimah and Ibn al-Jarud graded it Sahih (authentic) and Ibn 'Adi graded it strong].
Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "A maternal uncle is heir of him who has no inheritor." [Ahmad and al-Arba'a reported it excluding at-Tirmidhi. Abu Zur'a ar-Razi graded it Hasan (good), and al-Hakim and Ibn Hibban graded it Sahih (authentic).
وَعَنْ اَلْمِقْدَامِ بْنِ مَعْدِي كَرِبَ - رضى الله عنه - قَالَ : قَالَ رَسُولُ اَللَّهِ - صلى الله عليه وسلم -{ اَلْخَالُ وَارِثُ مَنْ لَا وَارِثَ لَهُ } أَخْرَجَهُ أَحْمَدُ , وَالْأَرْبَعَةُ سِوَى اَلتِّرْمِذِيِّ , وَحَسَّنَهُ أَبُو زُرْعَةَ اَلرَّازِيُّ , وَصَحَّحَهُ اِبْنُ حِبَّانَ , وَالْحَاكِمُ [1] .
'Umar (RA) wrote to Abu Ubaidah (RA) that Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) had said: "Allah and His Messenger are the Patrons of him who has none and a maternal uncle is the heir of him who has no inheritor." [Reported by Ahmad and al-Arba'a except Abu Dawud. at-Tirmidhi graded it Hasan (good); Ibn Hibban graded it Sahih (authentic)].
The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "When a new born cries (at the time of birth) (and then dies), it is treated as a hair." [Reported by Abu Dawud and graded as Sahih (authentic) by Ibn Hibban].
وَعَنْ جَابِرٍ - رضى الله عنه - عَنْ اَلنَّبِيِّ - صلى الله عليه وسلم -قَالَ : { إِذَا اِسْتَهَلَّ اَلْمَوْلُودُ وُرِّثَ } رَوَاهُ أَبُو دَاوُدَ , وَصَحَّحَهُ اِبْنُ حِبَّانَ [1] .
Narrated 'Amr bin Shu'aib on his father's authority from his grandfather (RA):
Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "One who kills a man cannot inherit anything from him." [Reported by an-Nasa'i and ad-Daraqutni. Ibn 'Abdul-Barr graded it Qawiy (strong), while an-Nasa'i declared it to be defective. The right opinion is that it is Mawquf (a saying of a Companion) from 'Umar].
I heard Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) as saying, "The property which a parent or a child has a right to, goes to his 'Asabah (paternal relatives) whoever it may be. [Reported by Abu Dawud, an-Nasa'i and Ibn Majah. Ibn al-Madini and Ibn 'Abdul-Barr graded it Sahih (authentic)].
وَعَنْ عُمَرَ بْنِ اَلْخَطَّابِ - رضى الله عنه - قَالَ : سَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اَللَّهِ - صلى الله عليه وسلم -يَقُولُ : { مَا أَحْرَزَ اَلْوَالِدُ أَوْ اَلْوَلَدُ فَهُوَ لِعَصَبَتِهِ مَنْ كَانَ } رَوَاهُ أَبُو دَاوُدَ , وَالنَّسَائِيُّ , وَابْنُ مَاجَهْ , وَصَحَّحَهُ اِبْنُ اَلْمَدِينِيِّ , وَابْنُ عَبْدِ اَلْبَرِّ [1] .
Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "The right to inheritance from a freed slave is a relationship like the relationship of blood relatives (lineage); it cannot be sold or given away." [al-Hakim reported it through ash-Shafi'i's narration from Muhammad bin al-Hasan on the authority of Abu Yusuf. Ibn Hibban graded it Sahih (authentic), while al-Baihaqi graded it defective].
Narrated Abu Qilabah on the authority of Anas (RA):
Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "The most versed in the rules of inheritance among you is Zaid bin Thabit." [Reported by Ahmad and al-Arba'a except Abu Dawud. at-Tirmidhi, Ibn Hibban and al-Hakim graded it Sahih (authentic). However, it was considered defective due to being Mursal (missing link in the chain after the Tabi'i)].
Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "It is not permissible for a Muslim person, who has something he wants to give as a bequest, to have it for two nights without having his will regarding it written and kept ready with him." [Agreed upon].
عَنْ اِبْنِ عُمَرَ - رَضِيَ اَللَّهُ عَنْهُمَا- ; أَنَّ رَسُولَ اَللَّهِ - صلى الله عليه وسلم -قَالَ : { مَا حَقُّ اِمْرِئٍ مُسْلِمٍ لَهُ شَيْءٌ يُرِيدُ أَنْ يُوصِيَ فِيهِ يَبِيتُ لَيْلَتَيْنِ إِلَّا وَوَصِيَّتُهُ مَكْتُوبَةٌ عِنْدَهُ } مُتَّفَقٌ عَلَيْهِ [1] .
I said, "O Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) , I have wealth and no one to inherit from me except my one daughter. Shall I give two-thirds of my property as Sadaqah?" He replied, "No." I said, "Shall I give half of it as Sadaqah?" He replied, "No." I said, "Shall I give a third of it as Sadaqah?" He replied, "You may give a third as Sadaqah, which is still a lot. To leave your heirs rich is better than to leave them poor and begging from people." [Agreed upon].
A man came to the Prophet (ﷺ) and said, "O Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) , my mother had died suddenly, and did not make a will. And I think she would have given out Sadaqah if she had been able to speak, so will she get a reward if I gave out Sadaqah on her behalf?" He replied, "Yes." [Agreed upon; the wording is Muslim's].
I heard Allah's Messeneger (ﷺ) saying, "Allah has appointed for everyone who has a right what is due to him, and no Wasiyah (will) should be made to an heir." [Reported by Ahmad and al-Arba'a except an-Nasa'i. Ahmad and at-Tirmidhi graded it Hasan (good), while Ibn Khuzaimah and Ibn al-Jarud graded it Qawiy (strong)].
وَعَنْ أَبِي أُمَامَةَ اَلْبَاهِلِيِّ - رضى الله عنه - سَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اَللَّهِ - صلى الله عليه وسلم -يَقُولُ : { إِنَّ اَللَّهَ قَدْ أَعْطَى كُلَّ ذِي حَقٍّ حَقَّهُ , فَلَا وَصِيَّةَ لِوَارِثٍ } رَوَاهُ أَحْمَدُ , وَالْأَرْبَعَةُ [1] إِلَّا النَّسَائِيَّ , وَحَسَّنَهُ أَحْمَدُ وَاَلتِّرْمِذِيُّ , وَقَوَّاهُ اِبْنُ خُزَيْمَةَ , وَابْنُ اَلْجَارُودِ [2] .